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In this article, you will learn to work with matrix in R. You will learn to create and modify matrix, and access matrix elements.
Matrix is a two dimensional data structure in R programming.
Matrix is similar to vector but additionally contains the dimension attribute. All attributes of an object can be checked with the
attributes()
function (dimension can be checked directly with the dim()
function).We can check if a variable is a matrix or not with the
class()
function.How to create a matrix in R programming?
Matrix can be created using the
matrix()
function.Dimension of the matrix can be defined by passing appropriate value for arguments
nrow
and ncol
.![Markdown Markdown](https://is3-ssl.mzstatic.com/image/thumb/Purple127/v4/3f/1a/f0/3f1af0ae-ca78-7fc4-e879-faa562a0130b/pr_source.png/942x0w.png)
Providing value for both dimension is not necessary. If one of the dimension is provided, the other is inferred from length of the data.
We can see that the matrix is filled column-wise. This can be reversed to row-wise filling by passing
TRUE
to the argument byrow
.In all cases, however, a matrix is stored in column-major order internally as we will see in the subsequent sections.
It is possible to name the rows and columns of matrix during creation by passing a 2 element list to the argument
dimnames
.These names can be accessed or changed with two helpful functions
colnames()
and rownames()
.Another way of creating a matrix is by using functions
cbind()
and rbind()
as in column bind and row bind.Finally, you can also create a matrix from a vector by setting its dimension using
dim()
.How to access Elements of a matrix?
We can access elements of a matrix using the square bracket
[
indexing method. Elements can be accessed as var[row, column]
. Here rows
and columns
are vectors.Using integer vector as index
We specify the row numbers and column numbers as vectors and use it for indexing.
If any field inside the bracket is left blank, it selects all.
We can use negative integers to specify rows or columns to be excluded.
Second chance updated mac os. One thing to notice here is that, if the matrix returned after indexing is a row matrix or column matrix, the result is given as a vector.
This behavior can be avoided by using the argument
drop = FALSE
while indexing.It is possible to index a matrix with a single vector. Forest fire (nicole polidore) mac os.
While indexing in such a way, it acts like a vector formed by stacking columns of the matrix one after another. The result is returned as a vector.
Using logical vector as index
Two logical vectors can be used to index a matrix. In such situation, rows and columns where the value is
TRUE
is returned. These indexing vectors are recycled if necessary and can be mixed with integer vectors.It is also possible to index using a single logical vector where recycling takes place if necessary.
In the above example, the matrix
x
is treated as vector formed by stacking columns of the matrix one after another, i.e., (4,6,1,8,0,2,3,7,9)
.The indexing logical vector is also recycled and thus alternating elements are selected. This property is utilized for filtering of matrix elements as shown below.
Using character vector as index
Indexing with character vector is possible for matrix with named row or column. This can be mixed with integer or logical indexing.
How to modify a matrix in R?
Maze of maize mac os. We can combine assignment operator with the above learned methods for accessing elements of a matrix to modify it.
A common operation with matrix is to transpose it. This can be done with the function
t()
.We can add row or column using
rbind()
and cbind()
function respectively. Similarly, it can be removed through reassignment.Dimension of matrix can be modified as well, using the
dim()
function.- PREVIOUS
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